3. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Engine
failure
3.2.1 Engine
failure during take-off run
3.2.2 Engine
failure during take-off
3.2.3 Engine
failure in flight
3.3 In-Flight
start
3.4 Smoke
and fire
3.4.1 Fire
on ground
3.4.2 Fire
during take-off
3.4.3 Fire
in flight
3.5 Glide
3.6 Landing
emergencies
3.6.1 Emergency
landing
3.6.2 Precautionary
landing
3.6.3 Landing
with a flat tire
3.6.4 Landing
with a defective landing gear
3.7 Recovery
from unintentional spin
3.8 Other
emergencies
3.8.1 Vibration
3.8.2 Carburettor
icing
3.1 Introduction
Section
3 provides checklists and amplified procedures for coping
with various emergencies that may occur. Emergencies
caused by aircraft or engine malfunction are extremely
rare if proper pre-flight inspections and maintenance
are practised.
However,
should an emergency arise, the basic guidelines described
in this section should be considered and applied as
necessary to correct the problem.
3.2 Engine failure
3.2.1 Engine failure during
take-off run
• Throttle -
decrease to idling
• Ignition -
switch off
• Brake
3.2.2 Engine
failure during take-off
• Speed -
gliding at 110 km/h ( 60 kts )
• Altitude -
below 50 m ( 160 ft ): land in take-off direction
-
over 50 m ( 160 ft ): choose landing area
• Wind -
find direction and velocity
• Landing area -
choose free area without obstacles
• Flaps -
extend as needed • Fuel cock -
shut off
• Ignition - switch
off
• Propeller - set
to the horizontal position by means of starter
• Safety harness -
tighten • Master switch -
switch off before landing
• Land
note!
Skip 6-10 if necessary
3.2.3 Engine failure in flight
• Speed -
gliding at 110 km/h ( 60 kts )
• Altitude -
below 50 m ( 160 ft ): land in flight direction
- over
50 m ( 160
ft ): choose
landing area
• Wind -
evaluate direction and velocity
• Landing area -
choose free area without obstacles
• Flaps -
extend if necessary
• Fuel cock -
shut off
• Ignition -
switch off
• Propeller -
set to the horizontal position by means
of starter
• Safety harness -
tighten
• Master switch -
switch off before landing
• Land
3.3 In-Flight start
• Speed -
gliding at 110 km/h ( 60 kts )
• Altitude -
check
• Landing area -
choose according to altitude
• Master switch -
switch on
• Fuel cock -
open
• Choke -
as necessary (for cold engine)
• Throttle -
for 1/3 power
• Ignition -
switch on
• Starter -
push button to start the engine
If the engine cannot be started,
increase the flight speed to 200 km/h ( 110 kts ) so that air flow can rotate
the propeller, thus enabling the engine to start.
Warning
The loss of altitude during in-flight
engine starting is about 400 m ( 1300 ft ) and must be taken into consideration.
3.4
Smoke and fire
3.4.1
Fire on ground
• Fuel cock -
shut off
• Throttle -
full
• Master switch -
switch off
• Ignition -
switch off
• Abandon the aeroplane
• Extinguish fire if it is in your
power or call for a fire-brigade.
3.4.2
Fire during take-off
• Fuel cock -
shut off
• Throttle -
full
• Speed -
100- 110 km/h ( 54-60 kts )
• Master switch -
switch off
• Ignition -
switch off
• Land and brake
• Abandon the aeroplane
• Extinguish fire if
it is in your power or call for a fire-brigade
3.4.3
Fire in flight
• Fuel cock -
shut off
• Throttle -
full
• Master switch -
switch off
• Ignition -
switch off after using up fuel in carburettors
and engine stopping
• Choose of area -
heading to the nearest airport or choose
emergency
landing area
• Emerg. landing -
perform according to instructions
• Abandon the aeroplane
• Extinguish fire if
it is in your power or call for a fire-brigade.
Note
Estimated time to pump fuel
out of carburettors is 30 seconds.
3.5 Glide
An
example of the use of gliding is in the case of
engine failure.
• Speed -
~110 km/h ( 60 kts )
• Flaps -
retracted
• Instruments - within
permitted limits
3.6 Landing emergencies
• Emergency landings
are generally carried out in the case of engine
failure
and the engine cannot be re-started.
• Speed -
110 km/h ( 60 kts )
• Trim -
trim the aeroplane
• Safety harness -
tighten
• Flaps -
as needed
• Radio station -
report your location if it is possible
• Fuel cock -
shut off
• Ignition -
switch off
• Master switch - switch
off
A
precautionary landing is generally carried out in
the cases where the pilot may be dissorientated,
the aircraft has no fuel reserve or possibly in
bad weather conditions.
• Choose landing area,
determine wind direction
• Report your plan
to land and land area location if a COM is installed
in the aeroplane
• Perform low-altitude
passage into wind over the right-hand side of the
chosen area with flaps extended to the “ TAKE-OFF“
position at a speed of 110 km/h ( 60 kts ) to thoroughly inspect the area.
• Perform flight around
the chosen area
• Perform an approach
at increased idling with fully extended flaps
• Reduce power to idle
run when fly over the runway threshold and touch-down
at the very beginning of the chosen area
• After stopping the
aeroplane switch off all switches, shut off the
fuel cock, lock the aeroplane and look for help
Note
Watch
the chosen area permanently during precautionary
landing.
3.6.3
Landing with a flat tire
• When floating at
landing, keep the damaged wheel above ground as
long as possible using the ailerons
• Maintain the direction at landing
run, applying foot control
3.6.4 Landing with a defective landing
gear
•
If the main landing gear is damaged, perform touch-down
at the Lowest speed possible and maintain direction
at landing run, if possible
•
If the nose wheel is damaged perform touch-down
at the Lowest speed possible and hold the nose wheel
over a runway by means of the elevator control as
long as it is possible
3.7 Recovery from unintentional
spin
Warning
Intentional spins are prohibited! The spin
characteristics of this aircraft have not been tested.
The procedure bellow is only for information.
The aircraft
has no tendency to spontaneously enter into an uncontrollable
spin if normal piloting techniques are used.
This standard
procedure can be used to recover from an intentional
spin:
• Throttle -
reduced to idle
• Control stick -
ailerons neutralised
• Rudder pedals -
full opposite rudder
• Control stick -
forward elevator control as required
to stop a spinning
• Rudder pedals -
immediately after stop of a rotation
neutralise the rudder
• Recovery of the dive
3.8
Other emergencies
3.8.1 Vibrat ion
If
any forced aircraft vibrations appear, it is necessary:
• To set engine speed to such power rating
where the vibrations are lowest.
• To land on the nearest airfield
or to perform a precautionary landing according
to 0.6.2 .
3.8.2 Carburettor icing
Carburettor
icing mostly occurs when entering into an area of
ice formation. The carburettor icing shows itself
through a decrease in engine power and an increase
of engine temperatures.
To recover
the engine power, the following procedure is recommended:
• Speed -
110 km/h ( 60 kts )
• Throttle -
set for 1/3 power
• If possible, leave
the icing area
• Increase the engine
power gradually to cruise conditions after 1-2 minutes
If you
fail to recover the engine power, land on the nearest
airfield (if possible) or, depending on the circumstances,
perform a precautionary landing according to instructions
|